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Staff Self-Care Learning Center - Humanitarian Work, Stress and Trauma

Stress and a humanitarian careerStress and traumaSymptoms of traumatic stress
What to do after a traumatic eventManaging cumulative stressLinks and resources

Signs and Symptoms of Traumatic Stress

What happens after a critical incident?
Some individuals encounter critical incidents with minimal disruption in their daily functioning. More commonly, threatened individuals recognize the very real danger in the situation and experience some indications that one’s normal coping mechanisms are (at least temporarily) being overwhelmed. As everyone reacts differently, the specific symptoms of traumatic stress tend to be different for each person.

What happens as a result of cumulative stress?
The negative effects of everyday stressors build up over time, and are often better predictors of high stress levels than the occurrence of the occasional critical incident. A sequence of relatively mild stress events can ultimately create exceptionally high stress levels if they are not dealt with effectively on an ongoing basis. A high level of cumulative stress also puts you at greater risk of a severe trauma reaction when faced with a critical incident, and it increases your risk of developing compassion fatigue and burnout.

The signs that you may be experiencing cumulative stress tend to be similar to the symptoms that occur after a traumatic event, although onset tends to be more gradual and symptoms less intense.

Symptoms of stress to watch out for…
Whether you have just experienced a critical incident, or are working and living in a high stress environment, there are physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and spiritual signs of stress that require your attention.

Physical reactions
  • Chronic fatigue
  • Changes in sleep patterns
  • Nightmares
  • Being easily startled
  • Upset stomach and digestive problems
  • Tight chest, jaw, back, or neck muscles
  • Muscle ticks, trembling, or twitching
  • Loss of sexual potency/desire, or increased desire for sex
Emotional reactions
  • Irritability and over-sensitivity
  • Being over-emotional and/or experiencing mood swings
  • Emotional numbing and/or lack of interest
  • Violent fantasies
  • Chronic feelings of anger, anxiety, fear, depression, guilt, grief, isolation, helplessness, and/or worry
Thinking reactions
  • Difficulty concentrating and problem-solving
  • Disorganized thinking
  • Memory disturbance
  • Forgetfulness
  • Consistently negative self-statements and evaluations
  • Repetitive thoughts about traumatic incidents
  • Difficulty making decisions
Behavioral
  • Increases in drinking, smoking, drug use and/or promiscuity
  • Risk taking and aggressive behaviors (e.g., fast driving)
  • Social withdrawal
  • Listlessness (e.g., apathy, excessive daydreaming)
  • Compulsive behavior
  • Changes in appetite (over-eating or under-eating)
Spiritual
  • Loss of meaning
  • Loss of purpose and hope
  • Loss of sense of trust and connection
  • Change in religious beliefs
  • Extreme cynicism